1. On the EU and European countries, see EU Article 21, and also see Chang and Rucker-Chang 2020; Porsdam 2009; de Vries, de Waele and Granger [eds] 2018; on International law, see the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965), and the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, or CEDAW; on Ireland, see Section 42 of Irish Human Rights and Equality and Commission Act and also see Bosi 2006, Dooley 1998; on the distinctively criminal law approach to antidiscrimination law in Latin America, see Hernandez 2019; on Israel, see the International Covenant on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination, and also see Barak-Erez 1998, Tirosh 2020; on South Africa, see The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, Act No. 4 of 2000, and see also Robins 2008; on the United Kingdom, see the Equality Act 2010, and see also Ruxton & Karim 2001; on Indonesia, see Articles 5 and 6 of Chapter III of the Labor Law, and see also Thung 2004).

2. Key passages from U.S. Constitution Amendment XIV, ratified 9 July 1868

• § 1 “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws”.
• § 5 “The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article”.

3. US Constitution, Article IV, Section 2, first part, “The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.”